Another effect of urbanization is urban sprawl. Tokyo, Japan, for example, has nearly 40 million residents. There are now cities with even more than that. One effect of this huge increase in people living in urban areas is the rise of the megacity, which is a city that has more than 10 million inhabitants. Moreover, urbanization is on the rise all over the globe. Urbanization is often discussed in reference to countries that are currently in the process of industrializing and urbanizing, but all industrialized nations have experienced urbanization at some point in their history. They are attracted by jobs in manufacturing and the professions, as well as by increased opportunities for education and entertainment. Nearly half of all people now live in urban areas. It was not until large-scale industrialization began in the eighteenth century that cities really began to boom. Even after cities emerged, however, a large majority of people lived and worked in rural areas. The world population has grown significantly, and our economies have become more industrialized over the past few hundred years, and as a result many more people have moved into cities. This kind of growth often corresponds with a shift from one way of organizing labor to another. A small number of these settlements grew into what we now call cities. As more people were born, small groups of individuals found reasons to come together to form groups and, with the advent of agriculture, small sedentary communities. Human populations have tended to increase over time.
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